This tube has sodium peroxide or fuming nitric acid. In this segment, we continue to a process of heating a fixed mass of an organic compound containing sulphur in a Carius tube. Percentage of halogen = ( a t o m i c m a s s o f X × m 1 × 100 ) ( m o l e c u l a r m a s s o f A g X × m ) Mass of halogen = ( a t o m i c m a s s o f X × m 1 g ) ( m o l e c u l a r m a s s o f A g X ) We know that 1 mol of AgX has 1 mol of X. Suppose the total mass of the compound, AgX formed = m 1 g. Let us decide the mass of the given organic compound as mg. After this, we filter, wash, dry and weigh them. The halogens present in the organic compound reacts with the silver nitrate to form the corresponding silver halide (AgX). Carbon and hydrogen present in the organic compound oxidise to carbon dioxide and water respectively. This tube is known as the Carius tube in a furnace. Here, we heat a mixture of organic compound and fuming nitric acid in the presence of silver nitrate contained in a tube (hard glass). Quantitative Analysis of Halogens Carius Method We will now explain the various methods for the measurement of percentage composition of elements in an organic compound. It also comprises of elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and halogens. Organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen. Remember that carbon atoms should have fourīonds and hydrogen atoms can have only one.Quantitative analysis is an analysis method that we can use to determine the quantity of the elements or molecules produced during the reaction. Tot for the carbon atoms and one for the hydrogen atoms. If you don't haveĪtomic model kits, jelly tots (or playdough) and Using atomic model kits, build the molecules of methane, Building hydrocarbonsĪn example of ethane, ethene and ethyne built with atomic model kits is given The full process is provided on This playdough can be used for all the model building activities.īe careful to keep the playdough away from animals, as it is edible, butĬontains large amounts of salt. Remember to store it in an airtightĬontainer between uses. Separate and add food colourant, different colours for Once cool, knead the dough until it becomes smooth, then If your dough is still sticky just cook it a bit longer. When the dough pulls away from the sides of the pot, remove Mix all the ingredients together over a low heat and stir Vegetable oil, 1 tablespoon of cream of tartar (this A recipe is given here:Ģ cups flour, 2 cups warm water, 1 cup salt, 2 tablespoons Possible to make your own playdough (which can be coloured for differentĪtoms using food colourants). Just as well, using toothpicks to represent the bonds.
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A bag of jelly tots (or a similar soft sweet) would work If you do not have access to model kits however, substitutesĬan be used. Model kits are a great way to help learners understand and visualise organic If there are no branched groups this step can be ignored. The branched groups must be listed before the name of the mainĬhain in alphabetical order (ignoring di/tri/tetra). 2,4 -) and one of the prefixesĪlkane the branched group must be on the carbon with There is more than one of the same type of branched group thenīoth numbers must be listed (e.g. Note the position of the group on the main carbon chain. Group and referring to Table 4.6, these groups will Name them by counting the number of carbon atoms in the branched Start with the carbonĪt the end closest to the functional group. To start numbering so that the functional group is on theĬarbon with the lowest possible number). Number the carbons in the longest carbon chain ( Important: The number of carbon atoms in the longest chain that Table 4.6: The prefix of a compound's name is determined by